China's jade culture has a long history, and its characteristics and status can be seen from the following comparisons.
1, from the comparison of jade time
There are two comparable points here, namely the morning and evening of the jade time and the length of the duration. About 12,000 years ago, the original inhabitants of Liaonan in China began to use the serpentine to cut the chopping device. The 7000 years ago, the Xinle culture appeared to be finely ground and colored stone chisel. Hemudu appeared in the colored stone jade, dating 6,000- - In 4,000 years, the ancestors of the Luobulur in Xinjiang have used the non-porous stone axe with the jade. In the next 4000 years, our ancestors’ jade management activities have never been interrupted. The earliest use of jade in foreign countries was the Siberian primitive culture from 3000 to 2000 BC. They used soft jade to make tools and discs, but they disappeared afterwards and have not been reproduced. The ancient jadeite beads of Japan appeared in the middle of the Jomon period (2900 BC - 2300 BC), and the jasper tube appeared in the Yayoi era (300 BC - 300 AD) and reached the age of the ancient burial (AD 300) - 440 years) The jade process will decline and die. Indian jade began in 1000 BC and disappeared until 900 AD. Regarding the morning and evening of the jade time, although there may be certain errors due to different detection methods, it is certain that China is one of the earliest countries using jade, and it is also the country with the longest duration of jade.
2. Compare from jade and jade
The color of jade in foreign jade places is relatively monotonous. For example, Japan and Indian jade are mainly jade, and their jadeite is also dark green. European nephrite is green and green. There are ink spots on the jade near Lake Baikal. Kong Dong's original culture has white nephrite, and in addition to green, blue and ink, China and Daiyu also have yellow and white jade, especially sheep fat white jade. Japanese jadeite and jasper, Maori jasper, Indian Maya jadeite are lack of warm and crystal-like texture, while China and jade jade texture is delicate and meticulous. Therefore, compared with jade and jade, and jade jade is also beyond the reach of foreign jade.
3, compare from the jade tool
The rotating tools used in China's jade jade may start from the Hongshan culture and Liangzhu culture of the primitive society, and later gradually developed into a "water bench." What tools are used in Japan, Siberia, Indian Maya, etc.? Japanese scholars infer from the current jade method that Japanese ancient jade was also smashed with a rotating tool, and no other arguments were found. In India, the illustrations of the 19th century jade working rotary tool have been passed down to the present. For a senior jade, the right hand pushes the bowstring to drive the round turn, and the left hand holds the jade, which is inconvenient and inefficient. The jade tool in this picture is three centuries later than the water bench depicted in Tiangong Kaiwu. It is far behind the water bench in its structure and transmission. It is undeniable that the ancient Chinese Rotary Sapphire tool was the most advanced and perfect at the time.
4, from the smashing skills comparison
China's ancient jade craftsmanship has a history of more than 7,000 years, and has accumulated rich and valuable experience. In this respect, the jade skills of Japan, Europe, Maori, Maya and Arabia are far behind. Here, we must make a detailed analysis of the smashing technique of the trace of Stan Jade, Mughal Jade. We admit that the performance of the Mark Dusit jade jade has reached a very high level, and has had a great impact on the late Qing and modern jade crafts in China. Qianlong had a very high evaluation of the trace jade. He said in the poem: "Kun Kunshan, rumored to India", "Xi Kun yields jade, good craftsman has traces", and praises its jade "Ying Boru Paper, or like "winged wings." Also praised its exquisitely beautiful: "The leaves are seen in the heavy layer, the knife and the axe have no trace", "fine into the hair, no axe and chisel", "fine 镌 鬼 ghost work", but the incomprehensible thing is that he mistakenly believes that the jade It is made of "water mill". From the existing Mughal jade, the tires are as thin as paper, but there are many examples of tire-thick porcelain. There are also thin tires in Suzhou imitation "Fan Zuo", in which the chrysanthemum disk is as thin as a flap, showing a translucent state, indicating that Suzhou Yugong has the ability to grind the jade. So why are the ancient Chinese jade articles with thicker tires? This is related to the rare jade material and the high price. If it is too thin, it will cost a lot of work, the second will make the jade material consume too much, and the third will damage the jade beauty, giving people a sense of solidity and easy confusion with the glass. Therefore, Zhiyu does not advocate the work of thin tires. In the late Qing Dynasty, the jade industry accepted the two characteristics of the scorpion plant pattern and gem setting in the trace of the sect of jade, and developed into a "fake imitation", which shows that China's jade workers have long abandoned the good jade skills and they do not meet us. Factors such as the thin traditions of the national tradition and the shape of the Arabs.
5, from the jade function comparison
Ancient jade articles in China are closely related to many aspects of social life. The five aspects of social functions it has been introduced. Europeans believe that. Nephrite has a healing effect on kidney disease when it is hung around the waist. This is naturally a superstitious understanding, but the jade tools of its primitive society still have certain real value; Japanese people's understanding of jade and jade is more complicated than that of Europeans. They think that in addition to decorative functions, jade still has " The function of the curse, the treasure, and the sacrifice; the arab jade is generally limited to jade and bottle basins for life; the Indian Maya jade is related to the functions and sacrifices of the gods, and there are also jade and decorations for life. Jade. In short, the social functions of the above-mentioned jade articles are not as good as the extensive social functions produced by ancient Chinese jade.
6, from the jade model comparison
Ancient Chinese jade type is quite rich. The ancient jade wares in foreign countries are roughly as follows: Japanese ancient jade articles are limited to beads, tubes, hooks, scorpions and abstract animals, and rare vessels; Maori jade objects only see gods, pebbles, axes; Siberian Neolithic age only has axe, chisel Tools, utensils, etc., and the shape is relatively simple; the Arabic jade is mainly made up of utensils, its style is unique, unique, but the type is relatively simple; Indian Maya jade type system is slightly more than the above, with tools, Beads, tubes, tablets, figure reliefs and elephant jade, but compared with the ancient Chinese jade type, Maya jade is also quite monotonous.
7. Compare from jade decorative patterns
The decorative patterns of ancient Chinese jade articles include geometric, animal, plant, text and painting, comprehensive and other topics. The jade articles in Japan, Europe, Siberia, and Maori are mostly light-like or decorated with simple geometric patterns, and they are rarely decorated. Among them, the decorative patterns of jade articles in Maya and Arabia have their own unique styles, such as the jade leaf ornament of the jade and the "Xi Lilian" and "Clematis". The Indian Mayan jade ornament is characterized by the character pattern, but compared with the ancient Chinese jade pattern decoration, it is eclipsed, especially the painting pattern on Chinese jade, which is unique in the history of the world.
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