In the Spring And Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, jade art promoted new flowers and radiated immortal brilliance. Correspondingly, the concept of jade culture gradually matured in the process of contending, and became a very unique factor in Chinese traditional culture, with far-reaching influence. The general trend is to inject the concept of "German" into the connotation of jade, and stand side by side with the gods and Ruiyu, so that the mysterious meaning is strong, and the jade articles with the main purpose of worship are promoted, and the aristocrats and intellectuals are more personally ethical. With the decoration and even the device, the primitive and primitive jade worship has risen to become the sublime, personalization and moral culture of rational jade. This change was mainly carried out in the Kanto region centered on Qi and Lu. The Qin people in Xiqiao were affected to a lesser extent. The sporadic records in the classics show that the Qin people understand the following aspects:
1. Sacrifice. The jade things, the gods, and the ancestors are the most primitive functions of jade. The discovery of the good cultures has already proved that the records of the priests and priests can also be seen in the "Shangshu". In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, rituals and music were abolished, and the emerging classes continued to break the old order. The development of the economy and ideology and culture also caused the original myths to be rationally rejected. The so-called "sub-speaking is not blame." The jade sacrifice is no longer valued by people. "Pipe? Situational Solution": "Sacrificing the standard, not enough to enjoy ghosts and gods" is a very representative argument. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Qin nationality lived a nomadic life, believed in the original polytheism, and later inherited the tradition of Zhou Ren's deities and ghosts. According to "Historical Records? Qin Ben Ji", Qin Yugong, that is, Li Xi, Xi Baidi. Since then, the gods of the rituals have been the zombies, the cow gods, the gods, the dragons, the yellow emperors, the emperors and so on.
The system of gods established after the reunification of Qin in the Book of Fengshang is more complicated. There are eight masters who worship in Shandong, and hundreds of gods, such as the sun, the moon, the ginseng and the ancestors, who are worshipped in the country. There are also grassroots gods such as the gods of the gods and the gods of the smallest ghosts. They occupy the paradise of the Qin people’s beliefs like the stars, and they are all slow and must be "when they are old." Sacrifices must be sacrificed in different grades and quantities, and jade articles. The so-called "salmon cattle are different from each other." "Fang Chan Book" has a detailed description of the sacrifices of the four ancestors: "Spring and summer with éª, autumn and winter with é§ . 畤驹 four, 禺 禺 æ ¾ æ ¾ é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©· é©·Each of the four lambs has its own number of coins, all of which are buried." A large number of Qin-style sacrificial jade wares were unearthed and the records of the "Historical Records", the Zen dynasty, the Qin dynasty, and the Qin Shihuang dynasty, the records of the Qin people, the sacred gods, the meditation, and the sacrifices It is consistent. From this point of view, the cultural concept of Qin Renyu is more primitive than that of the Kanto countries.
2. The corpse was buried. Dredging with a corpse, I hope that the corpse will not rot, and this is already in the culture of the good, and the "Yu Yu" wrapped in the Western Han Dynasty is the most complete form. There are very few records in this regard. "Han Shu? Jia Zoumei Lu Chuan" remembers Qin Shihuang: "buried in Lushan, beaded with jade, decorated with jade", very simple. This is related to the practice of the ancients' secrecy. The "Historical Records? The Book of the Zen" records the Qin Emperor's Taishan Fengchan: "Zen is in the father of the Liang. It is very useful for God to use it, and the seal is secret. Also." The First Emperor's Mausoleum used the cruel means of living buried craftsmen to preserve the secret of the tomb. This may be the reason why the records of the funerary jade are hard to see. This article in the "Han Shu" about the burial of the Qin Emperor by Zhu Yu shows that the Qin people believe that the Shuyu corpse can be immortal.
3. wear. The custom of jade is long-lasting. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, because of the various moral ratios of jade, Peiyu became an indispensable thing for the "gentlemen". "The Book of Rites? Yuzao" is called "the gentleman has no reason to go." "It is a summary of this kind of jade." Many of the records about jade in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States are related to Peiyu. From the records, the people of Peiyu are very popular, not only have "gentlemen", but also women, such as "Poetry? Zheng? Feng? There are lesbian cars" "There are lesbian cars, Yan Ruhua, will be Xiang Xiang, Pei Yuqiong. "Children have also joined the list of Pei Yu, "Poetry? Wei Feng? Lan Lan" has the word "boys Pei".
4, hiring. The jade as a gift of rituals is very popular in the Spring and Warring States period. The records of historical records and literary works indicate that jade can be used not only for exchanges between princes, marriage between nobles, gifts between relatives, but also for Wang Hou In order to buy the murderer of the murderer, the lobbyist also used the goods to administer the politicians and open the joints. Even lovers give jade to express their feelings, and the couple also give gifts to show their love. "Qin Feng? Liyang": "I send you a sui, repair you and I think. Why give it? Qionggui Yupei." This beautiful gift poem shows that in the Qin Mugong era, Qin people have given jade gifts to China. Deep understanding. However, Qin’s jade-manufacturing process was not developed enough after all, like Zhao Wang’s dispatch of Su Qin’s appointment to fight against Qin. One time, I will give a "white wall and a hundred pairs". This is a common gift in the Kanto countries. The king of the king is not open. Therefore, as seen in the history books, the Qin people are mainly using gold and jade instead of jade. For example, "Warring States policy? Four countries will be one to attack Qin": "(Wang) is a capital (Yao Jia) car hundred times, Jin Qianjin, clothing with its clothes, crown with its sword." The same book "Yiqu Jun Wei": "(Qin Wang) embroidered thousands of horses by the text, a good woman, 100 people, and Yi Yiqu." There are many such records.
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5.玺å°. As a personal token, the seal of the emperor became a symbol of power. In the War of the Warring States, Wei Ce? The Battle of Huayang Army, Sun Chen’s argument on the relationship between the land and the land proved the important political significance of the seal. In the printing materials, there are two kinds of copper and jade in the relics of the pre-Qin Dynasty. There are many coppers and less jade. The Qin Dynasty began to take the power of jade as the emperor. "Historical Records? Qin Shihuang's Bureau": "(Nine years) long letter waiting for the chaos to make a sense of chaos, the rectification of the king and the Queen Mother to the county and the paw, the official ride, the monarch, the people, will fight for the year of the palace for the chaos "Ji Jie Jie" cited Cai Yi language: "The waiting for the doctor to be called the 玺" can be known that the Queen of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period is said to be a common example of the country rather than the Qin people. The same article also cites the macro language: "Before Qin, all the people used Jinyu as the seal, and the dragon and tiger buttons were the only ones. Since the Qin Dynasty, the emperor has been praised by the imprint of the emperor, and he has used jade alone, and the group of ministers dared to use it." Qin Shihuang The power of monopolizing Yu Zhiyin has developed the ideological concept of using jade as a symbol of power since the Neolithic Age to the extreme.
6. The meaning of jade is more important. Giving jade to people is a manifestation of the strengthening of the role of jade society. There are three kinds of meanings of jade, such as "Wei Feng? æ±¾ æ´³ æ´³": "The son of the other, beautiful as jade." Two metaphors, such as "Qin Feng? Xiaoxie" "Like the gentleman, Wen Qiruyu." Three metaphors, this kind of material is the most, there are five different, nine German, eleven German different kinds of sayings, represented by Confucius The Confucian theory is the strongest and the most influential: "The gentleman of the past is better than the jade. The gentle and the rational, the knowledge is also; the firm is unyielding, the righteousness is also; the honesty is not awkward, the line is also; Yong also; ç‘• 并 并 , 情 情 情 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣 扣In the "Little Xiao", "Speaking of a gentleman, Wen Qiruyu". This poem was quoted by Confucius as a reference to the meaning of the "benevolence" of the gentleman. The original text was examined, and the poem was written for the wife who missed the husband who was exiled. This sentence goes on to say "in his board house, chaos my heart." "The context of coherence means that the wife misses her husband, and the gentle and supple person who thinks of her husband lives in the simple board house on the way to the trip, so that the wife is extremely worried, and this is related to "Wei Feng? Qiao" If you are like a 王 (王差), such as ç¢å¦‚磨... There are 匪å›å, such as Jin Ruxi, such as Gui Ruzhen. The typical Yu Yude is far apart. The Qin people's ratio has not reached the level of morality, and the grasp of the nature of jade is still in a relatively straightforward and natural state.
7. About Hess. He's nickname is the most legendary jade in Chinese history. The battle between Qin and Zhao and the shackles can be seen as a fierce conflict between the two jade cultures. Therefore, it is a special topic and is used as the conclusion of this article.
The story of Yuhe is well known. He is risking his life to keep his loyalty to the true jade. The cherished cherished by the nations on He Shizhen is mainly because of the moral significance of the faithfulness and benevolence of the condensed. Qin Zhao Wang Wen Zhao Dehe's ç’§, sent a letter to the book Zhao Huiwen Wang is willing to take the 15 city Yi Yi, Zhao Guozhen Xiangru's first reaction is: "Qin to the city to seek ç’§ and Zhao not allowed, Qu in Zhao. Zhao Yu and Qin Do not give the city, the song is in the Qin. The two strategies are the same, preferring to be a negative Qin Qu." Also asked Qin Wang: "Chen believes that the exchange of cloth is not deceiving, the state of the country!" is the typical Kanto thinking of Shang Liyi the way. In the Qin Dynasty, at the beginning, it was intended to use "empty words for swearing". After Qin Wang got the shackles, he "passed the beauty and the left and right", meaning that he was slow, but he used it as a rarity, far from this. The essence of jade culture should be respected, so the accusation of confronting the prime minister like "the 20th monarch of the Qin Dynasty since the reign of the Qing Dynasty, without a firm constraint" is also speechless.
Later, Qin Wang’s eyes were hopeless, but he also wanted to open it. The gift was sent to the same level, and he said: “Zhao Wangxiu bullied Qin evil with a slap in the face.†He does not understand that for the Kwantung countries, the jade treasures like Hessian are the symbol of state power. The "heavily guarding the golden jade" is the responsibility of the people, and it is worthwhile to change the land. It is a simple incident of swearing and murdering the death of a tyrant, and it is as simple as "a slap in the face". However, He's dynasty finally fell into the hands of Qiang Qin, and the first emperor cut down the rule of "Chongguo Yuxi", and the generation of famous devices was destroyed. As far as the results are concerned, the Qin people have won, but the story of "Ending Zhao to Zhao" has been passed down through the ages. The immortality of culture has made the short-term gains and losses of politics dwarf. Some researchers have accused the prime minister of being offended by a jewel, and it is unwise to sin. This is because the culture is not well understood.
In the national character of the Qin people, there are both primitive cultural factors and the influence of the Chinese ceremonial culture in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. However, the key role is the utilitarianism after the Shang Dynasty reform. It is a matter of arrogance, temptation to be profitable, to teach by law, and to be a teacher. This is certainly a way for the military and the country to be rich and powerful, and the development of ideology and culture is a disaster. The extraversion of the overall culture and the conservative introversion of the individual have become a pair of contradictions in the national character of the national Qin. Under the rule of law, the individuality of the person is suppressed, so it cannot be developed than the jade that gives personal morality. Jianyu is in the south of the city, standing in the East China Sea, casting giant bronze people, molding eight thousand Qin dynasty, Zhang Yang is the state power rather than the artistic personality. On the contrary, Guandong is a ritual, introverted, but emphasizing human nature. The exquisite Peiyu is undoubtedly the advertised personality and individuality of personal character, so there will be hundreds of artistic contending and arguing in the field of thought.
After the Qin people relied on military victory to unify the world, they felt the tremendous pressure of culture. Burning books and pits were the fierce resistance of Qin culture to Shandong culture. In fact, some people realized this problem at the beginning of Shang Yang's reform. Shang Hao himself thought that it is difficult to compare the virtues of the country with the skill of the country, and Zhao Liang is even more loyal to the people. "Death" advised the merchants. As Zhao Liang said, not only did the Shang dynasty die, but the Qin Empire, which had a strong and powerful situation, also disappeared in a few years. The Han people summed up the loss of the Qin people, carried forward the advanced cultural traditions of Shandong, and reached the peak of the development of feudal society. The twists and turns of jade art fully demonstrated the power of cultural power.
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