On September 11, 2001, the US World Trade Center (S911 disaster), which shocked the world, was attacked. According to related reports, the World Trade Center is composed of twin towers, of which the 94-98 floor of the North Tower is at 8:46. It was hit by the plane and collapsed at 10:28. There were more than 1,000 people in the middle of the interval of 102 minutes and more than 1,000 people. There were about 100 people below the 91 floor. The 85-88 floor of the South Tower was hit at 9:02, 9:59. Collapsed, 47 minutes apart in the middle, hundreds of people died above 77 floors, and dozens of people died. There are 3 emergency evacuation passages in the south tower leading to the ground, 2 of which are destroyed, 77 or more cannot be used, only one channel can be used. . One escaper recalls, "We don't know where the stairs are. Although it is so close to us, it can't see anything... The building is dark and the smoke smells nose." The escaper said: "Because there is no logo, we don't know where it is the stairs... only slowly go down...". *911 disaster. More than 3,000 people were killed, and the loss of personnel and property greatly exceeded the Pearl Harbor incident during the Second World War. No data has yet been seen indicating that the World Trade Center has sufficient fire emergency lighting devices, according to the sporadic memories of many escapers. Other media reports tidy up the general state of the time: lack of emergency lighting, lighting and evacuation sign lights in the flat floor; no emergency evacuation lights and evacuation signs in the vertical stairs, only scattered signs; floor and stairs Full of smoke, many people are "panic." Many people have not been able to escape.
The Twin Towers in the US World Trade Center have escaped from 40 minutes to more than 100 minutes from the impact of the fire to the collapse. In fact, there are very few people who have successfully escaped, especially the North Tower.
People can't help but ask why there are many reasons. It is obvious that the building lacks or even sets up the fire emergency lighting system. This is the tragic pain that people need to remember. The fire emergency lighting system is indispensable in the interior of the building. Fire protection facilities 1 The composition and function of the fire emergency lighting system The so-called fire emergency lighting system is usually composed of fire emergency lighting fixtures, fire emergency signs and other fire emergency lighting fixtures, and provides lighting for personnel escape and evacuation and fire fighting operations in the event of fire. Induction logo, various illuminating materials made of signs can be used as an auxiliary part of the system. It is generally composed of three functional parts: the first part is a fire work lighting function system consisting of fire emergency work lights, that is, in the case of fire emergency, it is set up in the power generation and distribution room and fire pump for the work of fire fighting and rescue personnel. The emergency work time of the house, fire center communication center and other important places should be at least 90mn. The second part is the fire evacuation lighting function system consisting of fire emergency evacuation lights. It is necessary to ensure the safe and rapid evacuation of personnel. Set the emergency working time of the large office, toilet, public walkway and vertical stairwell which are generally set in the flat floor. The emergency working time is not less than 90min. The illumination is not less than 0 5lx to ensure that the personnel have enough time and can see the road surface quickly evacuating. Part of the emergency evacuation identification function system consisting of low-level fire emergency evacuation lighting and evacuation indication signs and other types of signs (such as photoluminescent signs), the purpose is to provide clear guidance directions and ways for personnel to safely evacuate, identification system Generally installed in shopping malls and other large crowds The public walkway and vertical stairway on the flat floor in the activity place are usually located on the ground or below the ground 1m, and the emergency working time is not less than 90min. The surface brightness of the main interface of the sign lamp is not less than 15cd/m2 (Candela sea square meter) ), to ensure the visual attention of attracting personnel 2 The characteristics and difference of the fire emergency sign light and the photoluminescent signboard maintain sufficient brightness, and the battery power supply in the battery pack or regional setting of the lamp should be at least within 90 minutes. The surface brightness meets the following requirements: when only green or red graphics or characters are used to mark the surface, the minimum brightness of the surface of the indicator light should be no less than 15 cd/m2, the maximum brightness should be no more than 300 cdm2, and the ratio of maximum brightness to minimum brightness should be no more than 10 The combination of white and green or white and red combination of graphics, text as a logo light, the minimum surface brightness should be no less than 3cd / m2, the maximum brightness should be no more than 300cd / m2, white green or red itself maximum brightness and minimum brightness The ratio should be no more than 10 white and the adjacent green or red borders should be no less than 5 and no more than 15. The light type signboard is a light-storing type mark product made of rare earth material. Under the current technical level, under the external illumination (the illumination value of the illumination light, the color temperature is closely related) after several minutes and after several hours, the highest surface The brightness can reach 3-5 cd/m2, but the brightness can only decay to the milli-candela level for a few minutes and can be maintained for a while.
It should be noted here that in the condition that the surrounding environment is very dark (generally no more than 1k), the logo graphic can also be displayed, and the human eye can also be seen, but it has not been able to "actively" attract the attention of the eyes. . In the surrounding environment of more than 1k, the logo has not been able to clearly display its logo graphic. The implementation of the above situation requires that the light source of daylight or fluorescent lamp be irradiated for more than 10 hours to achieve the desired brightness. That is to say, if such a sign is set, the corresponding illumination source must be set to ensure that the sign is in front of the fire. The light source is illuminated for a period of time so that sufficient light energy is accumulated in order to display a certain brightness in the event of a fire to indicate emergency evacuation, and the illumination of the evacuated illumination must be controlled below 1 Lx.
Otherwise, the high illumination of the environment will submerge its brightness and reduce the function of its illuminating indication. It will not be able to achieve the emergency response of the fire. 3 The comparative analysis of the observation effect in the fire state test In order to verify the evacuation of the lighting in the case of fire, The actual state of the sign lamp and the photoluminescent signboard was tested in the National Fire Laboratory: the evacuation lamp was placed at the test site, and the emergency sign lamp and the photoluminescent sign were placed in their respective high and low positions. In a place, the observation effect comparison test (using wood as the combustion material) 31 in the initial stage of combustion, the fire detector has not yet alarmed, the room is normal lighting, and the light smoke is rising: (1) the high and low sign lights are clearly visible; To, but not attractive visual attention to the lighting, the smoke is filled at this time: (1) the high-level sign light is not clear; the low-level sign light is basically visible; the photo-illuminated sign is not visible 33 burning to the fire detector In the 10min stage of the alarm, the room is emergency lighting, and the smoke is full of space. (1) The high position indicator light is invisible; the low position indicator light is visible; 341 Fire emergency sign lights in the fire state, in the case of smoke and smokeless, for the installation of the high or low position, and the degree of visual attention at different illuminance values ​​is different 342 photoluminescent sign due to its surface The brightness is low, and the place where the illuminance is more than 1k is not attractive. In the case of smoke, the distance is invisible, and the distance can be faintly debated and related to the degree of smoke. Under the premise of ensuring the fire emergency sign light as the active emergency lighting indicator, the photoluminescent type sign can be set on the ground of the background of the common daylight or fluorescent light source. In the event of fire, the person will escape and travel to indicate the role. However, it is necessary to set the signboard as often as possible, otherwise it will be abandoned once the breakpoint occurs.
43 high-level fire emergency sign lights help people understand the fire emergency evacuation passage under normal conditions, and play an emergency evacuation indication at the beginning of the fire (the smoke concentration is not too large); and under the condition of very strong smoke, the low position The fire emergency sign light will play a good role in emergency evacuation. If it can be set continuously or combined with a photoluminescent sign, the two fire emergency signs will be connected by a photoluminescent sign. The emergency evacuation, indicating the induction to play a better role 11 disaster "the escaped personnel should have how many 31 burned to the fire detector to start the alarm phase indoors, so he according to the memory of the slave memory d in the export m In the World Trade Center, the fire emergency lighting system is considered, and fire emergency signs and fire emergency lights are installed in each of the exits and evacuation passages. Then people in the building will clearly see the ground and the surrounding environment in the event of a disaster. , escape along the evacuation channel indicated by the fire emergency sign. If so, may there be a "911 disaster"? People are killed. Obviously, the people below the fire floor will be able to escape smoothly after the World Trade Center is hit. Those above the fire floor can escape if the evacuation channel is not sealed." The disaster of the September 11th "survivors once described their escape." Experience: The survivor had gone to another floor with only four floors beforehand. At that time, instead of taking the elevator, he walked up the stairs and faintly remembered the exit of the exit, and with the shouting Several people came together to evacuate the stairwell.
After arriving at the stairwell, he escaped from the building along the evacuation sign to save his life. However, most people have never walked or noticed the evacuation stairs in the building, but just took the elevator up and down the building. When a disaster occurred, they did not know where the evacuation stairs were. There was no emergency lighting in the room, and the fire evacuation channel exit. There is no fire emergency sign lighting, and the people who died can't find or find the evacuation channel. In addition, the disaster was originally overwhelmed by the panic. The indoor area is large and the terrain is complicated. How can you find the exit in the dark building, even if it is? It takes time to spend time in the dark to find an exit and not have enough time to escape. If the survivor mentioned above has not walked through the evacuation channel beforehand, whether he can survive or not, I am afraid it is also unknown. There should be more than half of the survivors. In the ruins of the World Trade Center, the relevant fire emergency evacuation factors are constrained according to CE test results. When the illuminance is below 2k, the line of sight is blurred and it is easy to encounter obstacles. In the case of 05k, you can barely avoid obstacles. The higher the illuminance, the more confident people are about the agility of action. It is generally believed that no less than 11k Under the satisfaction of the smoke rising rate of several meters per second, tens of meters high building within one minute can diffuse the entire area directly into the smoke will make people's consciousness blurred; smoke into the air, you can cover the lung bubble, so that People lose their ability to move in seconds.
When the fire occurs, when the normal lighting is turned off, it is necessary to ensure that the emergency evacuation lighting is synchronized and brightened, and the minimum of the general place is not less than 05k, and the crowded place and the vertical stairway should not be lower than 11k to ensure In the panic state, the safety of the crowd quickly escapes while providing emergency evacuation illumination. At the same time, it is necessary to set a clear guiding sign to guide the personnel to quickly exit. Under certain necessary evacuation illumination, no attention is paid, and the escape behavior of the guiding person is obviously to be done. To this end, the emergency sign must be used only by the fire emergency sign light, and not just the photoluminescent sign. Photoluminescent signs have a certain positive effect on the late stage of the fire (after the annihilation of the lights and emergency signs after 90 minutes), but the use of photoluminescent signs must also specify the color temperature of the corresponding illumination source. The distance and the projection angle are not interrupted, and the light source is monitored to ensure the existence of continuous illumination, so as to ensure that it can be used in a fire state, so as to play the role of the guide, the photoluminescence Type signage (light storage type) can not replace the role of fire emergency sign lights, and can not replace fire emergency lighting and sign lights. At best, it can only be used as an auxiliary use sign of fire emergency sign lights. When we elaborate, we will return to the *911 disaster. The World Trade Evacuation Marking System, then on the flat and vertical floors, people will clearly see the ground and the surrounding environment and easily find the stairs and act quickly. *9 11 Disasters will cause so many innocent lives, 6 Conclusion Fire emergency lighting It is directly related to people's life and property safety. It is an indispensable important fire-fighting facility in the building.
We have given us enough warnings, we must scientifically and reasonably do a good job in the fire emergency lighting system and its related work. It is necessary to unilaterally publicize and exaggerate individual products, but to give people a clear and correct picture. The concept also has the essential meaning and normative role of the fire emergency lighting system and its emergency evacuation instructions. In the process of fire supervision and enforcement, the relevant national standards for fire emergency lighting are strictly implemented, and the fire emergency lighting system is fully guaranteed to fully help people escape the functions of fire evacuation and fire fighting operations.
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